Hamilton had thought long and hard about this. Until the day she died, she had children recognizing her and coming up to her to ask why she was so mean to Dorothy. After only one crewed mission in Earth orbit Apollo 7 in early 1968 NASA elected to send Apollo 8's command module solo that December on an orbital mission to the moon, out of concerns that the Soviet Union would get there first. Coming up with solutions and new ideas was an adventure. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. When she was studying at Earlham College, she met James Hamilton. A kindergarten teacher in her native Cleveland, Margaret Hamilton began her acting career there in community theatre and with the prestigious Cleveland Playhouse. She was best known for her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West, and her Kansas counterpart Almira Gulch, in the 1939 Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer film The Wizard of Oz.[1]. Margaret Hamilton was born December 9, 1902 in Cleveland, Ohio, to Jennie (Adams) and Walter Hamilton. These cookies help provide information on metrics the number of visitors, bounce rate, traffic source, etc. Hamilton herself specifically concentrated on software to detect system errors and to recover information in a computer crash. Among them, there were 6 in which the man stepped on the floor of the Moon. She also published six books. At 83 years old, Margaret Hamilton height She knew everything about these vital programs. "Kindergarten Lost Margaret Hamilton." Hamilton was cast after Gale Sondergaard, who was first considered for the role, albeit as a more glamorous witch with a musical scene, declined the role when the decision was made that the witch should appear ugly.[6]. The company was developed around the Universal Language of Software Design Systems. "From my own perspective, the software experience itself (designing it, developing it, evolving it, watching it perform and learning from it for future systems) was at least as exciting as the events surrounding the mission," she said. Margaret Hamilton is an American software engineer and computer scientist best known for leading the team responsible for creating the software for the Apollo moon missions and Skylab space station. She was a distant cousin of Neil Hamilton, with whom she appeared in By Your Leave (1934). Space is part of Future US Inc, an international media group and leading digital publisher. Margaret Brainard Hamilton (December 9, 1902 - May 16, 1985) was an American movie actress. (Revised December 29, 2004). CAPE ISLAND Tour boat operators sometimes entertained their passengers by referring to Cape Island as "Witch's Island." That's because the primary resident there, during summers from 1961 to 1985, was Margaret Hamilton, the actor who played the Wicked Witch of the West and Elmira Gulch in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz.. From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Margaret Hamilton (December 9, 1902 - May 16, 1985) was an American film actress known for her portrayal of the Wicked Witch of the West in the 1939 film The Wizard of Oz. My Little Chickadee. According to Hamilton, this now-iconic image (at left, above) was taken at MIT in 1969 by a staff photographer for the Instrumentation Laboratory later named the Draper Laboratory and today an independent organization for use in promotion of the labs work on the Apollo project. She appeared on an episode of Mister Rogers' Neighborhood in 1975 where she explained to children she was only playing a role and showed how putting on a costume "transformed" her into the witch. That has been my favorite book since I was four.' One of the many contributors to this effort was Margaret Hamilton, a computer scientist who led the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which in 1961 contracted with NASA to develop the Apollo programs guidance system. A former schoolteacher, she worked as a character actor in films for seven years before she was offered the role that defined her public image. She later attended Hathaway Brown School in Shaker Heights, Ohio, and practiced acting doing children's theater while a Junior League of Cleveland member. It was her code that enabled the human race to travel to the moon and back. [16] A Republican, she supported the campaign of Dwight Eisenhower during the 1952 presidential election. [23] This included error detection and recovery software such as restarts and the Display Interface Routines (also known as the Priority Displays), which Hamilton designed and developed. [19] She later moved to Millbrook, New York. Margaret Hamilton, the actress whose role as the cackling Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz unnerved generations of children, died yesterday, apparently of a heart attack, at a nursing home in Salisbury, Connecticut. Volume One, 1981-1985, pages 360-361. [3] She also wrote software for a satellite tracking project at the Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories. Searching to find out more about Margaret Hamilton? Hamilton spent six weeks recovering from the incident and refused to do any more fire-related stunts on the film set. In the 1960s, Hamilton was a regular on another CBS soap opera, The Secret Storm, playing the role of Grace Tyrell's housekeeper, Katie. Planetary science is a global profession. skywriting sequence at the Emerald City. The award included $37,200, the largest amount awarded to any individual in NASA's history. In 1954, she graduated from Thomas Hancock High School in Minnesota. She also gained recognition for her work as an advocate of causes designed to benefit children and animals and retained a lifelong commitment to public education. Profiled in "American Classic Screen Interviews" (Scarecrow Press). There was no second chance. She had three grandchildren, Christopher, Scott, and Margaret. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. It was a memorable day when one of the most respected hardware gurus explained to everyone in a meeting that he agreed with me that the process of building software should also be considered an engineering discipline, just like with hardware. Performance cookies are used to understand and analyze the key performance indexes of the website which helps in delivering a better user experience for the visitors. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. She often remarked about children coming up to her and asking her why she had been so mean to Dorothy. Computer scientist Margaret Hamilton poses for a series of photos with the Apollo guidance software she and her team developed at the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory. I guess for a minute they get the feeling they got when they watched the picture. [16] Hamilton also served as Director of the Software Engineering Division. We have estimated She was contributing writer for Space.com (opens in new tab) for 10 years before joining full-time, freelancing since 2012. They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. Elizabeth Howell (she/her), Ph.D., is a staff writer in the spaceflight channel since 2022 covering diversity, education and gaming as well. Hamilton's line from The Wizard of Oz "I'll get you, my pretty, and your little dog, too!" Dedication and commitment were a given. As Neil Armstrong was already preparing to bring the ship down, the computer started displaying two errors: error 1201 and error 1202. marriedcelebrity; April 19, 2019; Celebrity Gossip; Born as Margaret Heafield, she is an American system engineer, computer scientist and a woman entrepreneur as well. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. She cofounded the company Higher Order Software in 1976 and established Hamilton Technologies 10 years later. Houston! Later in life, she would comment on the role of the witch in a light-hearted fashion. Margaret Hamilton, ne Margaret Heafield, (born August 17, 1936, Paoli, Indiana, U.S.), American computer scientist who was one of the first computer software programmers; she created the term software engineer to describe her work. As the alarms went off and priority displays replaced normal ones, the actual switchover to new programmes behind the screens was happening "a step slower" than it would today. UConnToday, 23 April 2013. The computer (or rather the software in it) was smart enough to recognize that it was being asked to perform more tasks than it should be performing. "It quickly became clear that the software was not only informing everyone that there was a hardware-related problem, but that the software was compensating for it. She subsequently developed Alzheimer's disease and died in her sleep following a heart attack on May 16, 1985 in Salisbury, Connecticut at the age of 82. Margaret Hamilton was born in 1936 in the United States. Her most visible appearances during this period were as general store owner, Cora, in a national series of television commercials for Maxwell House coffee. In one of the critical moments of the Apollo 11 mission, the Apollo Guidance Computer, together with the on-board flight software, averted an abort of the landing on the Moon. [30][31][32] The program alarms indicated "executive overflows", meaning the guidance computer could not complete all of its tasks in real time and had to postpone some of them. [4] However, in mid-1959, Hamilton began working for Edward Norton Lorenz, in the meteorology department at MIT. In Wired magazine, she said in 2015 "I enjoyed school, but there was something about maths that I loved more than anything". She loved and doted upon children all her life. mystery guest on the popular Sunday night CBS-TV program. For Hamilton, although Apollo 11 was monumental, she relished the challenge of doing her job for it. Later in the decade, she was in a little-known film noir, titled Bungalow 13 (1948), in which she again costarred opposite Cromwell. In 1954, she graduated from Thomas Hancock High School in Minnesota. Mention the name Margaret Hamilton to a Millennial, and chances are they won't be able to pick her out of a line-up. Hamilton and Morgan never share any scenes in Oz. Cleveland Plain Dealer, September 1958. The cookie is set by the GDPR Cookie Consent plugin and is used to store whether or not user has consented to the use of cookies. It was intended to guide the spacecraft once they had achieved Earth orbit. [36], Hamilton's priority alarm displays interrupted the astronauts' normal displays to warn them that there was an emergency "giving the astronauts a go/no go decision (to land or not to land)". The cookies is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Necessary". They're clapping at hearing the sound again.[11]. "The NASA Heritage of Creativity." Margaret Hamilton was born December 9, 1902 in Cleveland, Ohio, to Jennie (Adams) and Walter Hamilton. In 1945, she played the domineering sister of Oz co-star Jack Haley in George White's Scandals, comically trying to prevent him from marrying actress Joan Davis, even going so far as to throw a hatchet at her. Played Aunt Eva on the radio series Ethel and Albert in the 1940s and 1950s . Her latest book, "Why Am I Taller? "The award included the largest financial award that NASA had ever presented to any individual up to that point. In 1976, Hamilton co-founded with Saydean Zeldin a company called Higher Order Software (HOS)[40] to further develop ideas about error prevention and fault tolerance emerging from their experience at MIT working on the Apollo program. They're scared. By Maia Weinstock | MIT News Office By some accounts, the astronauts had inadvertently left the rendezvous radar switch on, causing these alarms to be triggered (the claim that the radar was left on inadvertently by the astronauts is disputed by Robert Wills with the National Museum of Computing[29]). She appeared in The Phil Silvers Show episode S2E20 Bilko Enters Politics (05 February 1957). In 1933, Hamilton was invited to repeat her stage role of the sarcastic daughter-in-law in the Broadway play Another Language for the MGM film version. Margaret Brainard Hamilton (December 9, 1902 - May 16, 1985) was an American actress and educator. Updates? For her work, she was honored with the Presidential Medal of Freedom in 2016. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customized ads. "All of a sudden, the normal mission sequences were interrupted by priority displays of 1201 and 1202 alarms, giving the astronauts a go/no-go decision (to land or not to land)," she added. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". [81][14] The couple then moved to Boston, Massachusetts,[14] where they had a daughter, Lauren, born on November 10, 1959. With the error addressed, the lunar landings for Apollos 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17 were made possible. If the computer hadn't recognized this problem and taken recovery action, I doubt if Apollo 11 would have been the successful moon landing it was. By 1968, she was in charge of all Command Module software, which was all the software for navigation and lunar landing guidance. NASA Science Social Media Consolidation FAQ, Questions and Answers for SMD Bridge Program Workshop Organizing Committee, Biological and Physical Sciences Advisory Committee, PI Launchpad: Developing Your First Flight Mission Proposal, PI Launchpad: Pre-application Information Session, Questions and Answers about the PI Launchpad 2021 Virtual Workshop, Questions and Answers about the PI Launchpad 2023 In-Person Workshop, Science Mission Directorate PI Launchpad Workshop, Nationwide Eclipse Ballooning Project (NEBP), Ocean Community Engagement and Awareness using NASA Earth Observations and Science for Hispanic/Latino students, Best Practices for Establishing Part-Time/Time-Limited Supervisory Opportunities, Science Career Opportunities Planning and Exploration Workshop. She is best known for playing the Wicked Witch of the West in the 1939 movie The Wizard of Oz.In movies, she often played older, unmarried women from New England who was extremely practical but did not enjoy jokes. They liked to kid me about my radical ideas. However, once there, she preferred to accept work at MIT (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), as a software developer. In addition to requiring a deep understanding of computers, it was not easy to write just over 400,000 lines of code that were inserted into the operating system of the lunar module in the Apollo missions. (196566; Hamilton had been offered the role of Grandmama, but turned it down. The couple then moved to Boston. Margaret Hamilton was born on August 17, 1936. Hamilton was the recipient of various honours, including NASAs Exceptional Space Act Award (2003). In The Paul Lynde Halloween Special (1976), she portrayed Lynde's housekeeper, reprising the Wicked Witch role, as well as introducing Lynde to the rock group Kiss. [10] She says her poet father and headmaster grandfather inspired her to include a minor in philosophy in her studies. Hamilton and Ray Bolger were cast members in the 1966 fantasy film The Daydreamer, a collection of stories by Hans Christian Andersen. Hamilton was a regular parishioner of the Presbyterian church. During one interview, she joked: I was in need of money at the time, I had done about six pictures for MGM at the time, and my agent called. Without exaggeration, it could be said that the heroes of the arrival to the Moon were four: Neil Armstrong, Buzz Aldrin, Michael Collins and Margaret Hamilton. Snyder, Lawrence and Henry, Ray Laura, "Fluency7 with Information Technology", Pearson, M. Hamilton, S. Zeldin (1976) "Higher order softwareA methodology for defining software". She lived in Manhattan for most of her adult life, and summered in a cottage on Cape Island, Southport, Maine. and they continued. [63] Hamilton's innovations go beyond the feats of playing an important role in getting humans to the Moon. We have a full Biography, Photos, Theatre Credits, and more! August 17, 2016. Biography. So, how much is Margaret Hamilton worth at the age of 83 years old? It even printed out its answers in Latin and Greek. She soon transferred, however, to Earlham College in Indiana where she graduated with a bachelor's degree in mathematics, with a minor in philosophy. Analytical cookies are used to understand how visitors interact with the website. Qualification: BA in Mathematics with a Minor in Philosophy, College: Earlham College, University of Michigan, Profession: Computer Scientist, Systems Engineer and Business Owner, Known For: Director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed On-board Flight Software for NASAs Apollo Space Program, James Cox Hamilton; (m. 1958; div. This overloaded the central processing unit during the landing, but fortunately, the software recovered in the heated moments before Apollo 11 touched down. Necessary cookies are absolutely essential for the website to function properly. [47] In 1980, British-Israeli computer scientist David Harel published a proposal for a structured programming language derived from HOS from the viewpoint of and/or subgoals. For her work, she was honored with the Presidential Medal. In 2009, Margaret Hamilton and fellow MIT software engineers described what is was like to contribute to the Apollo missions 40 years after the famous Apollo 11 landing in the Moon's Sea of Tranquility in July 1969. If you continue to use this website without changing your cookie settings or you click "Accept" below then you are consenting to this. Even with her extensive film career, Hamilton took roles in whatever medium she could get if she was free, making her soap opera debut as the nasty Mrs. Sayre on Valiant Lady, who schemed to prevent her daughter from marrying the heroine's son. We took our work seriously, many of us beginning this journey while still in our 20s. Margaret Hamilton (Margaret Brainard Hamilton) was born on 9 December, 1902 in Cleveland, Ohio, USA, is an Actress, Soundtrack. Corrections? She went on to appear in These Three (1936), Saratoga, You Only Live Once, When's Your Birthday?, Nothing Sacred (all 1937), The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1938), My Little Chickadee (with W. C. Fields, 1940), and The Sin of Harold Diddlebock (with Harold Lloyd, 1947). They married in the late 1950s, after she graduated in mathematics. Her "priority display" innovation had created a knock-on risk that astronaut and computer would slip out of synch just when it mattered most. President Barack Obama presents Apollo code developer Margaret Hamilton (at left) and "Apollo 13" actor Tom Hanks (right) with the Presidential Medal of Freedom on Nov. 22, 2016. Margaret Hamilton was born December 9, 1902 in Cleveland, Ohio, to Jennie (Adams) and Walter Hamilton. By continuing to use the site, you agree to the use of cookies. After she recuperated, she said, "I won't sue, because I know how this business works, and I would never work again. She appeared on Broadway in the musical Goldilocks opposite Don Ameche and Elaine Stritch, gave a lighter touch to the domineering Parthy Anne Hawks in the 1966 revival of Show Boat (dancing with David Wayne), and was the tender Aunt Eller in the 1968 Lincoln Center revival of Oklahoma!. At MIT, Margaret Hamilton was on the staff of the Draper Laboratory, founded in 1932 by Dr. Charles Stark Draper. Devising, writing, testing, and testing these routines was quite commendable. Opposite Bud Abbott and Lou Costello, she played a heavily made-up witch in Comin' Round the Mountain, where her character and Costello go toe-to-toe with voodoo dolls made of each other. Mutual respect was across the board. Design & Development: Biography of Margaret Hamilton, American scientist, notable computer scientist who worked at NASA in support of Apollo missions. MIT's instrumentation lab received the contract for the Apollo guidance and control systems on Aug. 9, 1961, when the United States had accomplished only two spaceflights both with just one crewmember on board, and both in suborbital space. "Deeply Integrated Guidance Navigation Unit (DI-GNU) Common Software Architecture Principles". She subsequently directed and supervised the developments of the Skylab space station mission. Hamilton had prepared for just this situation years before: There was one other failsafe that Hamilton likes to remember. A century earlier, she had a worthy British predecessor named Ada Lovelace. Coming up with solutions and new ideas was an adventure. She grew up during a time when very few women studied computer science, but Hamilton knew she wanted to write code. When she was 80 years old, on November 22, 2016, Margaret Hamilton received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, presented by the President of the United States, Barack Obama, for her work at NASA during the Apollo missions. Her other mid-1970s stage productions, as the producer, were The Three Sisters and House Party.[where? The solution came from a young Margaret who assured the Mission Director that she could safely ignore the two error messages. [22][16] Another part of her team designed and developed the systems software. We had to find a way and we did. Thompson, Arthur A.; Strickland, A. J., (1996), "Strategic Management: Concepts and Cases", Last edited on 26 February 2023, at 16:40, Air Force Cambridge Research Laboratories, "001: A Full Life Cycle Systems Engineering and Software Development Environment", Universal Systems Language for Preventative Systems Engineering, A Formal Universal Systems Semantics for SysML, Universal Systems Language: Lessons Learned from Apollo, "President Obama Names Recipients of the Presidential Medal of Freedom", "Former Earlham Student Had Role in Moon Flight", "2009 Outstanding Alumni and Distinguished Service Awards", "The Woman Who Taught Me Margaret Hamilton MAKERS Moment", "Margaret Hamilton: The Untold Story of the Woman Who Took Us to the Moon", "The statistical prediction of solutions of dynamic equations", "AGC Conference 1: Margaret Hamilton's introduction", "Scene at MIT: Margaret Hamilton's Apollo code", "NASA Engineers and Scientists-Transforming Dreams Into Reality", The History of Apollo On-board Guidance, Navigation, and Control, Keyboard and Display Program and Operation, "Moon landing memories:'Apollo 11 changed civilisation and I had a part in it', "Tales from the Lunar Module Guidance Computer", "Computer Got Loaded, letter to the editor of Datamation", Higher Order Software Evaluation and Critique, "Federal User Offers Free CAD/CAM Software", "And/Or Programs: A New Approach to Structured Programming", "Overview of Hamilton Technologies, Inc. (HTI) 001", "ICSE 2018 Plenary Sessions Margaret Hamilton", "What to Know About the Scientist who Invented the Term "Software Engineering", "NASA Engineers and Scientists Transforming Dreams Into Reality", "Margaret Hamilton: 2017 Fellow Biography", "Margaret Hamilton, the Engineer Who Took the Apollo to the Moon", "Her code got humans on the moon and invented software itself", "Software and a Woman at the Heart of Lunar Triumph", "A moonlit tribute to a moon landing icon", "Honour for software writer on Apollo moon mission", "White House honors two of tech's female pioneers", "Margaret Hamilton Awarded Presidential Medal of Freedom", "The 2017 Fellow Award Acceptance Speech", "Lego's 'Women of NASA' toy set is finally on sale and it's already Amazon's best-selling toy", "Investiture of scientist Margaret Hamilton as an honorary doctor of the UPC", "Margaret Hamilton Accepts 2019 Washington Award Nomination", "Bard College - 2019 Honorary Degree Recipients", "Margaret Hamilton's sister shares her memories as Seattle's seniors celebrate the 50th anniversary of the moon landing", "James Cox Hamilton, at 77; lawyer was quiet warrior for First Amendment", https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Margaret_Hamilton_(software_engineer)&oldid=1141753509. Pufnstuf herself being spoofed by actress Billie Hayes. Margaret Elaine Hamilton (born Heafield on August 17, 1936) is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner. Margaret had already built her resume with several performances in film before she came to her most memorable and astronomically successful role, Almira Gulch / The Wicked Witch of the West in The Wizard of Oz (1939). We knew that. Between 1969 and 1972, the Apollo program carried out 22 missions: 19 with total success, 2 with partial success and 1 with failure. Margaret Heafield Hamilton (born Heafield on August 17, 1936) is an American computer scientist, systems engineer, and business owner.She is credited with coining the term, "software engineering".Hamilton was Director of the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which developed on-board flight software for the Apollo space program. Credit: Courtesy MIT Museum Margaret Hamilton's Apollo Code A brief history of the famous 1969 photo of the software that sent humans to the Moon. Daneman's nephew refused to meet Hamilton because even though he understood she was an actress, he thought it was still possible she really was like the character in the movie. In recent years, a striking photo of Hamilton and her teams Apollo code has made the rounds on social media and in articles detailing her key contributions to Apollo 11's success. This system played a crucial role just before the Apollo 11 moon landing on July 20, 1969. Armstrong had no time for lengthy explanations. [4] They divorced in 1967 and Margaret married Dan Lickly two years later.[80][82]. SAGE was soon developed for military use in anti-aircraft air defense. [11], In Boston, Hamilton initially intended to enroll in graduate study in abstract mathematics at Brandeis University. For her last stage role, she was cast as Madame Armfeldt in the Stephen Sondheim musical A Little Night Music, singing the song "Liaisons" for the national tour costarring with Jean Simmons as her daughter Desiree. From 1961 to 1963, Hamilton worked on the Semi-Automatic Ground Environment (SAGE) Project at the MIT Lincoln Lab,[14] where she was one of the programmers who wrote software for the prototype AN/FSQ-7 computer (the XD-1), used by the U.S. Air Force to search for possibly unfriendly aircraft. [7][9] She cites Florence Long, the head of the math department at Earlham, as helping with her desire to pursue abstract mathematics and become a mathematics professor. We also use third-party cookies that help us analyze and understand how you use this website. Heres how it works. This article was most recently revised and updated by, https://www.britannica.com/biography/Margaret-Hamilton-American-computer-scientist, Space.com - Margaret H. Hamilton: Apollo Computer Programmer, Wired - Her Code Got Humans on the Moon - And Invented Software Itself, Margaret Hamilton - Children's Encyclopedia (Ages 8-11), Margaret Hamilton - Student Encyclopedia (Ages 11 and up), National Aeronautics and Space Administration. She was portrayed by Fenella Woolgar in "Judy" (2019). Social Media Lead: The man had reached the Moon. On December 23, 1938, Hamilton suffered a second-degree burn on her face and a third-degree burn on her hand during a second take of her fiery exit from Munchkinland in which the trap door's drop was delayed to eliminate the brief glimpse of it seen in the final edit. [15], Hamilton remained a lifelong friend of The Wizard of Oz castmate Ray Bolger (the scarecrow). Hamilton led the software engineering division at Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Instrumentation Laboratory. In the early 1970s, she joined the cast of another CBS soap opera, As the World Turns, on which she played Miss Peterson, Simon Gilbey's assistant. Margaret Hamiltons income source is mostly from being a successful Actress. In 1965 Margaret was named responsible for the development of the flight software for the computers that would go on board the Apollo spacecraft. One of the many contributors to this effort was Margaret Hamilton, a computer scientist who led the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which in 1961 contracted with NASA to develop the Apollo program's guidance system. The meaning of those almost mysterious codes was available to very few. She later attended Hathaway Brown School in Shaker Heights, Ohio, and practiced acting doing children's theater while a Junior League of Cleveland member. Four years later, she obtained the Bachelor of Arts in Mathematics at Earlham College, Richmond, Indiana (USA). Margaret Hamilton Biography, Facts & Life Story. [13][14][15] Her work contributed to Lorenz's publications on chaos theory. One of the many contributors to this effort was Margaret Hamilton, a computer scientist who led the Software Engineering Division of the MIT Instrumentation Laboratory, which in 1961 contracted with NASA to develop the Apollo programs guidance system.
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